EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND CPPU ON GROWTH, CORM & CORMLET OF THREE SAFFRON CULTIVARS Crocus Sativus L.
Keywords:
Saffron, Salicylic acid soaking, CPPU, cultivars
Abstract
The research was conducted in Lath house of department of Horticulture and landscape Design\ College of Agriculture \university of kirkuk \Shurao, for the period from October / 2018 to May / 2019 to investigated the effect of soaking in Salicylic acid at three concentrations (0 ,200, 300) mg.L -1 for 24 hours before planting and spray with Two concentration of CPPU (0, 15) mg.L -1 on growth , flowering , and Yield of corms and cormlets of three Saffron cultivars: (Cartwrightianus "Albus", Bunch and Pushal) , the study was laid out in factorial (R.C.B.D. ). According to the SAS system (The Statistical Analysis system), by Duncan's test, at P> 0.05 level . The results can be summarized as follows: The effect of Soaking of Salicylic acid at 200 mg.L -1 resulted in an increase the number of shoots (5.50 bud.plant-1) and highest total carbohydrate content in leaves (19.40%) and highest number of Cormels (3.77 cormel.Plants -1) and highest fresh weight of corms ( 6.17 g) with concentration 15 mg.L-1 CPPU improved Vegetative and lead to significantly increased the Corms yield , number of shoots (5.07 bud.plant-1) , highest total chlorophyll content in leaves (1.80 CCI), and increased total carbohydrate content in leaves (17.28%) , While the yield gave highest number of corms (1.70 corm.Plants -1), gave lowest number of Cormels (2.96 cormel.Plants -1), highest the fresh weight of corms (6.62 g), and highest the diameter of the corms (2.19 cm) . The three cultivars were significantly different in their growth , corms and cormels , Bunch cultivar Superiority in most characteristics , and highest fresh weight of corms ( 7.78 g), While the cultivar (Pushal) led to gave the highest total carbohydrate content in leaves (17.49%) After the cultivar (Bunch), The (Cartwrightianus "Albus" ) cultivar led to gave the lowest total carbohydrate content in leaves (15.98%) .
References
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4. الجلبي، سامي كريم محمد امين وصفاء محمد صالح علي الخفاجي (2016) . تاثيرات نقع اﻟكورمات بالـ EPIBRASSINOLIDE والرش بالـ CPPU في حاصل نبات الفريزيا صنف Golden Melody . مجلة الفرات للعلوم الزراعية، 8 (2) : 100-107 .
5. حمه علي، جانيت صباح عمر.(2019). تأثير حامض الساليسيلك والالآر في نمو وحاصل صنفين من نبات الكلاديولس Gladiolus hybrida . رسالة ماجستير . جامعة كركوك . كلية الزراعة .
6. الخفاجي، مكي علوان .(2014). منظمات النمو النباتية تطبيقاتها وإستعمالاتها البستنية . وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي . جامعة بغداد . كلية الزراعة .
7. خلف، أحمد صالح وعبد الستار اسمير الرجبو (2006) . تكنولوجيا البذور . دار ابن الأثير للطباعة والنشر، جامعة الموصل . العراق .
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11. Abdullaev, F.I.( 2002). Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Exp Biol Med., 227: 20-25.
12. Alwan, Nawal M., Nesreen K ., Aziz Sadiq & M. Sadiq.(2018). "Effect of the period of soaking and concentrations of salicylic acid in the growth and production of iris. “IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) 11.1: 34-41.
13. Ahmad, M.J. and Gul ,S . (2002). Evaluation of exotic cultivars of dahlia (Dahlia coccinea) under rawalakot conditions . Asian Journal Plant Sciences 1, 565-567.
14. Anon. (2017). Agricultural Statistical Bulletin. Province of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran: Ministry of Jihad-Agriculture (In Persian) .
15. Assimopoulou A, Sinakos Z & Papageorgiou P.( 2005). Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents. Phytother Res., 19: 997- 1000.
16. Behnia, M. R., A. Estilai and B. Ehdaie. (1999). Application of fertilizers for increased saffron yield . J. Agro. Sci., 182: 9-15.
17. Ben El Caid, Mohamed., Latifa Salaka ., Mohamed Lachheb ., Khalid Lagram ., Lalla Hadda Atyane ., Abdelhamid El Mousadik and Mohammed Amine Serghini (2018). PROVENANCE AND SITE EFFECTS ON PROGENY SAFFRON CORMS (CROCUS SATIVUS) PRODUCTIVITY . ISSN 2429-5396 .
18. Bushra Jan, Shoib Baba A. (2018). Corm Rot of Saffron: Symptoms and Biological Management. EC Microbiology: 14(1):01.
19. Caballero- Ortega, H., Pereda-Miranda,R., Abdullaev, F. I. )2007(. HPLC quantification of major active components from11 different saffron source. Food Chemistry, 100(3): 1126-1131.
20. Caballero-Ortega, H. Pereda-Miranda, R., RiverónNegrete, L., Hernández, J. M., Medécigo-Ríos, M., Castillo-Villanueva, A & Abdullaev, F. I. (2004). Chemical composition of saffron (crocus sativus L.) from four countries . Journal of Food Science, 20: 322-328.
21. Canacki, S. (2008). Effects of salicylic acid on fresh weight change, chlorophyll and protein amounts of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 431– 435.
22. Davies, N. W. M. J., Gregory and R. C. Menary.( 2005). Effect of drying temperature and air flow on the production and retention of secondary metabolites in saffron. Journal of agricultural and foo chemistry, 53(15), 5969-5975.
23. El-Tayeb, M. A. (2005). Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regular. 45:215-224.
24. Emadi, B., Saiedirad, M. H. (2011). Moisture dependent physical properties of saffron flowe. Journal of Agriculture and ScienceTechnology, 13: 387-393.
25. Gharib,F. A. & A. Z .Hegazi (2010). Salicylic acid ameliorates germination, seedli ng growth, phytohormones and enzymes acti vety in bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) under cold stress. J. Amer. Sci. 6(10):675-683.
26. Grilli Caiola, M., P. Caputo & R. Zaier (2004). RAPD analysis in Crocus sativus L. accession and related Crocus species. Biol. Plant., 48(3): 375-380.
27. Hartman, H.T., Kester D.E., Davis F.T. and Geneve R.L. (2002). Plant propagation, principles and practices. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall.Upper Saddle River. New Jersey.USA.
28. Hassan-Beygy. S.R., Ghanbarıan D., Kianmehr M.H., Farahm and M. (2010). Some Physıcal Propertıes of Saffron Crocus Corm. Cercetări Agronomiceîn Moldova. XLIII(141): 17-29.
29. Kadim I.A., E. H. Hameed A., Alsamed and A. Al-Ramadan.(2012). Effect of Chelated Iron and Benzyl Adenine on Physiochemical Characteristics and Yield of Date Palm )Phoenix dactyliferaL.) C.V.“Hellawi”.Journal of King Abdulaziz University, (23), (1): 133- 156.
30. Karimi, G., H. Hossenizadeh & P. Khaleghpnah. (2001). Study of antidepressant effect of aqueos ethnolic of crocus sativus in mice. iran. j. Basic. Med. Sci., 4:11-15.
31. Kumar, P. N., Reddy, Y. N., & Chandrashekar, R. (2008). Effect of growth regulators on flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 65(1), 73-78.
32. Kumar, R., Singh, V., Devi, K., Sharma, M., Singh, M.K., & Ahuja, P.S )2009(. State of art of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) agronomy: a comprehensive review. Food Reviews International 25:44-85 .
33. Larqué-Saavedra, A., & Martin-Mex, R. (2007). Effects of salicylic acid on the bioproductivity of plants. In S. Hayat & A. Ahmad (Eds.), Salicylic acid—a plant hormone (pp. 15–23). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Ch. 2.
34. Lozano P, Castellar M.R, Simancas M.J & Iborra J.L. (1999). Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method to analyse commercial saffron (Crocus sativus L.) products. J Chromatogr A., 830: 477-483.
35. Menia, M., Iqbal, S., Zahida, R., Tahir, S., Kanth, R. H., Saad, A. A., & Hussian, A. )2018(. Production technology of saffron for enhancing productivity. J. Pharmacognos. Phytochem, 7(1), 1033-1039.
36. Mozzafar, S., Zaman Khan, K., Javid, S & Ahmed, A.( 2014). Effect of drying methods on the colour of Kashmir saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and simultaneous method validation. Chemical Science Review, 3(12): 995-997.
37. Nazari, S & Keifi, N.( 2011). Saffron and various fraud manners in its production and trade. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 1-7.
38. Poggi, L. M., Portela. A.J.,Pontin ,M.A and Molina R.V(2010).Corm size and incubuation effects on time to flowering and threads yield and quality in saffron production in Argentina .Acta Hout 850:193-198.
39. Raghad,S.A.(2014).The effect of water stress , potassiumaverages and sprinkling by kinetin on the production and water consumption of Safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) Univ . Sci.,48-93.
40. Rajjou, L., M. Belghazi., R. Huguet., C. Robin., A. Moreau., C. Job and D. Job.( 2006). Proteomic investigation of the effect of salicylic acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms. Plant Physiol. 141:910-923.
41. Rubio-Moraga A., Trapero A., Ahrazem O & GómezGómez L. (2010). Crocins transport in Crocus sativus: the long road from a senescent stigma to a newborn corm. Phytochemistry 71(13): 1506– 1513. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.026.
42. Ryals J, Neuenschwander U., Willits M., Molina A & Steiner HY, Hunt M. (1996). Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 8: 1809–1819 .
43. SAS, (2005) . Statistical analysis system User'S guide for personal computer release, 9 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
44. Shahidi, F & Bolandi, M. (2008). Shelf-life Determination of Saffron Stigma:water activity and temperature studies . World Applied Science Journal, 5: 132- 136.
45. Shehata ,S .A.,S .I. Ibrahim, and S .A .M. Zaghlool.(2001).Physiological response to flag leaf and ears of maize plant induced by foliar application of kinetin (KIN) and acetysalicylic acid (ASA). Ann. Agric. Ain Shams Univ. 46(2):435-449.
46. Singh, B. and K. Usha. (2003).Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regul. 39:137-141.
47. Sticher L, Mauch-Mani B, Me! traux JP. (1997). Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Plant Pathology 35: 235–270. press, Ames, Lowa, USA, ISBN
48. Taiz, Lincoln and Zeiger, Eduardo. (2010). Plant Physiology. 4th edition. Annals of Botany Company. Publisher: Sinauer Associates.
49. Tammaro, F. (1987). Notizie storico-colturali sullo zafferano (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) nell, area mediterranea. Micol. Veget. Medit. 2: 44-59.
50. Verma, S . K. and M. Verma . (2010). A. Text Book of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and biotechnology. S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ramangar, New Delhi:PP 112 .
51. Winterhalter, P., & Straubinger, M. )2000(. Saffron: Renewed interest in an ancient spice, Food Rev. Int. 16, 39–59.
52. Yildirim, E., Turan, M., & Guvenc, I. (2008). Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31, 593–612.
2. ابو زيد، الشحات نصر (2000) . الهورمونات النباتية والتطبيقات الزراعية . الطبعة الثانية . الدار العربية للنشر والتوزيع . القاهرة . مصر .
3. الجلبي، سامي كريم ونسرين خليل الخياط .(2013). نباتات الزينة في العراق، وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي . جامعة بغداد . كلية الزراعة .
4. الجلبي، سامي كريم محمد امين وصفاء محمد صالح علي الخفاجي (2016) . تاثيرات نقع اﻟكورمات بالـ EPIBRASSINOLIDE والرش بالـ CPPU في حاصل نبات الفريزيا صنف Golden Melody . مجلة الفرات للعلوم الزراعية، 8 (2) : 100-107 .
5. حمه علي، جانيت صباح عمر.(2019). تأثير حامض الساليسيلك والالآر في نمو وحاصل صنفين من نبات الكلاديولس Gladiolus hybrida . رسالة ماجستير . جامعة كركوك . كلية الزراعة .
6. الخفاجي، مكي علوان .(2014). منظمات النمو النباتية تطبيقاتها وإستعمالاتها البستنية . وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي . جامعة بغداد . كلية الزراعة .
7. خلف، أحمد صالح وعبد الستار اسمير الرجبو (2006) . تكنولوجيا البذور . دار ابن الأثير للطباعة والنشر، جامعة الموصل . العراق .
8. الزبيدي، مروة محمد عمر (2019). تأثير البنزل أدنين وحامض الجبريليك في نمو وإنتاجية بعض أصناف نبات الزعفران Crocus sativus L.. رسالة ماجستير- جامعة كركوك- كلية الزراعة .
9. السعد، كفاية غازي .(2010) . تأثير مواعيد الزراعة وحامض الجبرليك ومستخلص جذور عرق السوس في النمو والحاصل لنبات Gladiolus hybrida. اطروحة دكتوراه- كلية الزراعة والغابات- جامعة الموصل- وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي- جمهورية العراق .
10. عبد العزيز، نسرين خليل، عبد الكريم عبد الجبار محمد سعيد، كريمة عبد عيدان وسامي كريم محمد أمين .(2015). استجابة نبات النرجس Narcissus poeticus للرش بمنظمي النمو النباتي حامض السالسيلك و. KT–30 مجلة ديإلى للعلوم الزراعية، .120-111:(1)7
11. Abdullaev, F.I.( 2002). Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Exp Biol Med., 227: 20-25.
12. Alwan, Nawal M., Nesreen K ., Aziz Sadiq & M. Sadiq.(2018). "Effect of the period of soaking and concentrations of salicylic acid in the growth and production of iris. “IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) 11.1: 34-41.
13. Ahmad, M.J. and Gul ,S . (2002). Evaluation of exotic cultivars of dahlia (Dahlia coccinea) under rawalakot conditions . Asian Journal Plant Sciences 1, 565-567.
14. Anon. (2017). Agricultural Statistical Bulletin. Province of Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran: Ministry of Jihad-Agriculture (In Persian) .
15. Assimopoulou A, Sinakos Z & Papageorgiou P.( 2005). Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents. Phytother Res., 19: 997- 1000.
16. Behnia, M. R., A. Estilai and B. Ehdaie. (1999). Application of fertilizers for increased saffron yield . J. Agro. Sci., 182: 9-15.
17. Ben El Caid, Mohamed., Latifa Salaka ., Mohamed Lachheb ., Khalid Lagram ., Lalla Hadda Atyane ., Abdelhamid El Mousadik and Mohammed Amine Serghini (2018). PROVENANCE AND SITE EFFECTS ON PROGENY SAFFRON CORMS (CROCUS SATIVUS) PRODUCTIVITY . ISSN 2429-5396 .
18. Bushra Jan, Shoib Baba A. (2018). Corm Rot of Saffron: Symptoms and Biological Management. EC Microbiology: 14(1):01.
19. Caballero- Ortega, H., Pereda-Miranda,R., Abdullaev, F. I. )2007(. HPLC quantification of major active components from11 different saffron source. Food Chemistry, 100(3): 1126-1131.
20. Caballero-Ortega, H. Pereda-Miranda, R., RiverónNegrete, L., Hernández, J. M., Medécigo-Ríos, M., Castillo-Villanueva, A & Abdullaev, F. I. (2004). Chemical composition of saffron (crocus sativus L.) from four countries . Journal of Food Science, 20: 322-328.
21. Canacki, S. (2008). Effects of salicylic acid on fresh weight change, chlorophyll and protein amounts of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings. Journal of Biological Sciences, 8, 431– 435.
22. Davies, N. W. M. J., Gregory and R. C. Menary.( 2005). Effect of drying temperature and air flow on the production and retention of secondary metabolites in saffron. Journal of agricultural and foo chemistry, 53(15), 5969-5975.
23. El-Tayeb, M. A. (2005). Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regular. 45:215-224.
24. Emadi, B., Saiedirad, M. H. (2011). Moisture dependent physical properties of saffron flowe. Journal of Agriculture and ScienceTechnology, 13: 387-393.
25. Gharib,F. A. & A. Z .Hegazi (2010). Salicylic acid ameliorates germination, seedli ng growth, phytohormones and enzymes acti vety in bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) under cold stress. J. Amer. Sci. 6(10):675-683.
26. Grilli Caiola, M., P. Caputo & R. Zaier (2004). RAPD analysis in Crocus sativus L. accession and related Crocus species. Biol. Plant., 48(3): 375-380.
27. Hartman, H.T., Kester D.E., Davis F.T. and Geneve R.L. (2002). Plant propagation, principles and practices. 7th Edition, Prentice Hall.Upper Saddle River. New Jersey.USA.
28. Hassan-Beygy. S.R., Ghanbarıan D., Kianmehr M.H., Farahm and M. (2010). Some Physıcal Propertıes of Saffron Crocus Corm. Cercetări Agronomiceîn Moldova. XLIII(141): 17-29.
29. Kadim I.A., E. H. Hameed A., Alsamed and A. Al-Ramadan.(2012). Effect of Chelated Iron and Benzyl Adenine on Physiochemical Characteristics and Yield of Date Palm )Phoenix dactyliferaL.) C.V.“Hellawi”.Journal of King Abdulaziz University, (23), (1): 133- 156.
30. Karimi, G., H. Hossenizadeh & P. Khaleghpnah. (2001). Study of antidepressant effect of aqueos ethnolic of crocus sativus in mice. iran. j. Basic. Med. Sci., 4:11-15.
31. Kumar, P. N., Reddy, Y. N., & Chandrashekar, R. (2008). Effect of growth regulators on flowering and corm production in gladiolus. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 65(1), 73-78.
32. Kumar, R., Singh, V., Devi, K., Sharma, M., Singh, M.K., & Ahuja, P.S )2009(. State of art of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) agronomy: a comprehensive review. Food Reviews International 25:44-85 .
33. Larqué-Saavedra, A., & Martin-Mex, R. (2007). Effects of salicylic acid on the bioproductivity of plants. In S. Hayat & A. Ahmad (Eds.), Salicylic acid—a plant hormone (pp. 15–23). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer. Ch. 2.
34. Lozano P, Castellar M.R, Simancas M.J & Iborra J.L. (1999). Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatographic method to analyse commercial saffron (Crocus sativus L.) products. J Chromatogr A., 830: 477-483.
35. Menia, M., Iqbal, S., Zahida, R., Tahir, S., Kanth, R. H., Saad, A. A., & Hussian, A. )2018(. Production technology of saffron for enhancing productivity. J. Pharmacognos. Phytochem, 7(1), 1033-1039.
36. Mozzafar, S., Zaman Khan, K., Javid, S & Ahmed, A.( 2014). Effect of drying methods on the colour of Kashmir saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and simultaneous method validation. Chemical Science Review, 3(12): 995-997.
37. Nazari, S & Keifi, N.( 2011). Saffron and various fraud manners in its production and trade. ISHS Acta Horticulturae, 1-7.
38. Poggi, L. M., Portela. A.J.,Pontin ,M.A and Molina R.V(2010).Corm size and incubuation effects on time to flowering and threads yield and quality in saffron production in Argentina .Acta Hout 850:193-198.
39. Raghad,S.A.(2014).The effect of water stress , potassiumaverages and sprinkling by kinetin on the production and water consumption of Safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) Univ . Sci.,48-93.
40. Rajjou, L., M. Belghazi., R. Huguet., C. Robin., A. Moreau., C. Job and D. Job.( 2006). Proteomic investigation of the effect of salicylic acid on Arabidopsis seed germination and establishment of early defense mechanisms. Plant Physiol. 141:910-923.
41. Rubio-Moraga A., Trapero A., Ahrazem O & GómezGómez L. (2010). Crocins transport in Crocus sativus: the long road from a senescent stigma to a newborn corm. Phytochemistry 71(13): 1506– 1513. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.026.
42. Ryals J, Neuenschwander U., Willits M., Molina A & Steiner HY, Hunt M. (1996). Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 8: 1809–1819 .
43. SAS, (2005) . Statistical analysis system User'S guide for personal computer release, 9 SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
44. Shahidi, F & Bolandi, M. (2008). Shelf-life Determination of Saffron Stigma:water activity and temperature studies . World Applied Science Journal, 5: 132- 136.
45. Shehata ,S .A.,S .I. Ibrahim, and S .A .M. Zaghlool.(2001).Physiological response to flag leaf and ears of maize plant induced by foliar application of kinetin (KIN) and acetysalicylic acid (ASA). Ann. Agric. Ain Shams Univ. 46(2):435-449.
46. Singh, B. and K. Usha. (2003).Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regul. 39:137-141.
47. Sticher L, Mauch-Mani B, Me! traux JP. (1997). Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Plant Pathology 35: 235–270. press, Ames, Lowa, USA, ISBN
48. Taiz, Lincoln and Zeiger, Eduardo. (2010). Plant Physiology. 4th edition. Annals of Botany Company. Publisher: Sinauer Associates.
49. Tammaro, F. (1987). Notizie storico-colturali sullo zafferano (Crocus sativus L., Iridaceae) nell, area mediterranea. Micol. Veget. Medit. 2: 44-59.
50. Verma, S . K. and M. Verma . (2010). A. Text Book of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and biotechnology. S. Chand and Company Ltd. Ramangar, New Delhi:PP 112 .
51. Winterhalter, P., & Straubinger, M. )2000(. Saffron: Renewed interest in an ancient spice, Food Rev. Int. 16, 39–59.
52. Yildirim, E., Turan, M., & Guvenc, I. (2008). Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31, 593–612.
Published
2021-03-06
How to Cite
Pari Lattef Hussein AL- barznje, & Kefaia Ghazi Saeed AL-saad. (2021). EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AND CPPU ON GROWTH, CORM & CORMLET OF THREE SAFFRON CULTIVARS Crocus Sativus L. International Journal on Humanities and Social Sciences, (19), 324-338. https://doi.org/10.33193/IJoHSS.19.2021.209
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