Civilizational and Scientific Representations in the City of Baalbek from Ancient Times until the Modern Era

Abstract

Baalbek or the city of the sun, one of the most important historical archaeological cities in Lebanon . The city occupies a distinctive geographical location, as it is found in the middle of several cities known for its historical dignity such as Damascus, Aleppo and Diamond. It was exposed through the times of history to the various influences by some ancient powers and empires that colonized on varying periods over the passage of years. its land witnessed multiple civilizations in successive historical covenants, during which they left, Many civilized and scientific evidences. Most famous of which are the Baalbek Castle, the Roman Antiques and Schools, as well as many writers and scholars.   The shape of the cultural and scientific heritage in the city of Baalbek from different buildings. This formed through varying historical times as a result of the fusion of a group of civilizations for people and countries, which left its effects and its remnants on the land of the city of Baalbek, to prepare historical evidence, including: (religious, civil, scientific, military, and social) as well as many of the effects of the arts that Romans and Muslims mastered.  Research is a contribution to show the importance of scientific production in the city of Baalbek, and to clarify its civilizational role. At a time when studies increase and abound at the scientific level on the Roman effects of the castle and structures in this city, which has a great importance and a scientific value that cannot be neglected.   This research sheds light on the cultural and scientific heritage; Which was left by the forces and empires that colonized the city of Baalbek for long years. Most important of which are the Roman and Islamic monuments and schools, scientists and writers.